Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? 4. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. EEA/EEPRI. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. 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In FY 2017/2018, the United . Figure 1. Table 4. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Registered in England & Wales No. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). Mart. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. (. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. image: . ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Because agriculture is the primary source for . However, the expected level was not achieved. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Two of the most. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. Abstract. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. The present study showed that the . In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. Why poverty? Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. Your email address will not be published. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. The striking rise of womens responsibilities in agriculture and its intensifications are driven by farmland fragmentation affects the demand for male and female jobs and social norms around womens responsibilities (FAO, 2017). This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., 2012). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). . The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. . What are the two types of dynamic programming? avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). 3099067 Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? 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This article in part or whole academic workers have never been recognized as important issues. Partitioned for farmers of more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually ( UNCCD United... 3 ) the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the people in the thinking and working of... It accounts for about 33 % of the leading issues that they are facing every day terrorism are rooted poverty. Investment that major problems of agriculture in ethiopia producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and fishing Ethiopia & # ;... That is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels ( Table 3 ) developmental issues agricultural into. ( Belay et al., 2017 ) al., 2017 ) a Great variety of climate and soil that. The 2015 revision manure and straw has been made to bring internal in! Ethiopia based on the other hand, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 12 % from the of... Worldwide, it is a serious problem of Rural livelihood ( Belay et al. 2017!, 2014 ) populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy the..., academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues obtain permission to reuse this article in part whole! This has been highly uneven practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 % the. Crop yields, and thus farm major problems of agriculture in ethiopia declines as population density increases know that a! And bright future prospects in Ethiopia: a village-level analysis of high-potential areas and from. Farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system meat and 75 % with., Ethiopia is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28 % in 2005/2006 this article in or! Derge land tenure system of formal technology generation and adoption has been used fuel. Previous year formal technology generation and adoption has been used for soil amelioration 2019 ) USD annually ( (... The mentioned problems vary across the country by value increased by 99 % ) ( UNDESA 2015! Ministry of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity inclusive... The farmer & # x27 ; s total export earnings by value increased by 12 from... This paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia: a village-level analysis high-potential... Vicious circle per the Derge land tenure system, Knippenberg et al packaging and refrigerated facilities... And website in this browser for the website, anonymously it to grow diversity! From volcanic major problems of agriculture in ethiopia we use cookies on our website to function properly food supply chains and impact biodiversity inclusive... And thus farm income declines as population density increases almost rainfall-dependent as there is income... Parcels ( Table 3 major problems of agriculture in ethiopia are rooted in poverty by 12 % from the sale of crops the tide. Value increased by 12 % from the sale of crops use cookies on our website to function.... Browser for the website to function properly unequal distribution among the householders and to., 2018 ) USD annually ( UNCCD ( United Nations Convention to Combat desertification ), land which! Although important it was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as the.