In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades. [316][317][318] Amnesty International reports that approximately 5,000 gays have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations. https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution, GlobalSecurity.org - Iranian Civil Strife - Coming of the Revolution, International Centre on Non Violent Conflict - The Iranian Revolution (1977-1979). But he also pushed the country to adopt Western-oriented secular modernization, allowing some degree of cultural freedom. Due to its dominant geopolitical position in the world, it has heavily influenced peoples and cultures situated as far away as Southern Europe and Eastern Europe to the west; Central Asia . Two young women in Tehran in 1956 relish their resemblance to famous Iranian actresses. [109][143] Nevertheless, Huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition. Weeks later, government workers began to strike. Russia had sought Iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the Assad government during the Syrian civil war. "[307], Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. Reza Shah and his son, Mohammed Reza Shah, the leaders of the Pahlavi regime, were trying to introduce modernity into Iran, as Ataturk did in Turkey. Can a name become a metaphor for civil rights? [109], The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. [91] By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settling in the cities working in the construction industry. There were widespread social, economic, and political reforms introduced during his reign, a number of which led to public discontent that would provide the circumstances for the Iranian Revolution. "[225] Among those executed was Amir Abbas Hoveida, former Prime Minister of Iran. Several thousand young Bahs between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. For example, organized feminism which was around since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. The Shiraz-Persepolis summer arts festival was established, showcasing music, dance, drama, poetry and film from Iran and elsewhere. Many of the people in the regime struggled to find asylum and some even had to move to a few different countries before finally settling. [111] Consequently, protest gatherings often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers. Relying heavily on American support amidst the Cold War, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years after the coup, effectively keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union. [6][140][141], The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. Learn More Women In Iran Learn about women in Iran before and after 1979 Learn More Iranian Culture The violence and disorder continued to escalate. [9][101][132] Street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. [101][116][132][133], As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos. It led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic government of Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. Weeks later -- on Jan. 16 1979 -- the Shah fled the country. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. "[65] Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. Revolutionary leaders in Iran gave and sought support from non-Muslim activists such as the Sandinistas in Nicaragua, IRA in Ireland and anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, even so far as favoring leftist revolutionaries over Islamist, but ideologically different and strategically harmful causes, such as the neighboring Afghan Mujahideen. In his original letter, Khomeini wrote: Set yourselves free from any " ism" and " ist" belonging to the East and the West. Some 700 University professors from Iran's academic institutions in a short time.[6][7]. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. It is evident we are not. [50], The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the ulama influence among them.[47]. Censorship is handled by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. Culture in Iran (Pre-islamic revolution) Culture In Iran (Pre-Islamic Revolution) Sports: - Skiing - Hiking - Trekking -* Soccer - ** Wrestling Art: - Persian Art - Architecture - Painting Weaving - Pottery -Calligraphy - Sculpture Music: - Religious - Traditions - Persian / Although the lives of men were also affected, the lives of women changed most drastically due to many laws taking their rights away. [8][9][10] In August 1978, the deaths of between 377 and 470 people in the Cinema Rex fire claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's SAVAK came to serve as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across all of Iran,[11][12] and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the entire country for the remainder of that year. [17] While the revolution achieved its goal of ridding the universities of Western influence, it also greatly weakened Iran in the fields of science and technology needed for development. [301] Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.[302]. [57], In 1941, an invasion of allied British and Soviet troops deposed Reza Shah, who was considered friendly to Nazi Germany, and installed his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah. [1][clarification needed] The official name used by the Islamic Republic is "Cultural Revolution". [116] Soldiers were instructed not to use deadly force, yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively, inflaming the violence without cowing the opposition, and receiving official condemnation from the Shah. Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious Muslim People's Republican Party (MPRP) which was associated with Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, and the secular leftist National Democratic Front (NDF). They were not to open for another two years. [308], Women especially those from traditional backgrounds participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. "[113], After the revolution, many claimed that Islamist militants had started the fire. Though an adviser to Khomeini, he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini, the theocratic Islamic Republic Party (IRP) the controlling power in the new parliament. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like Murtaza Mutahhari, Muhammad Beheshti and Mahmoud Taleghani found new opportunity to change conditions. The provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken hostage on 4 November 1979. [6][14][116], Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. [11][12] The headquarters deleted certain courses such as music as "fake knowledge," and committees "came to similar conclusions concerning all subjects in the humanities such as law, political sciences, economy, psychology, education and sociology". [9][101] He decided to appoint Jafar Sharif-Emami to the post of prime minister, himself a veteran prime minister. Along with Russia, the U.K. then pushed Reza Shah into exile in 1941, and his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took the throne. Many people were killed by government forces in anti-regime protests, serving only to fuel the violence in a Shii country where martyrdom played a fundamental role in religious expression. He followed in his familys path to become a Shiite scholar and teacher. One law lowered the age of marriage for girls to eight years old, and another gave fathers the right of child custody in the case of a divorce. "[180] During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. [248] Leaders of the Freedom Movement of Iran were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. These groups, which included clergy, landowners, intellectuals, and merchants, had previously come together in the Constitutional Revolution of 190511. 1077 Words5 Pages. Universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the "Cultural Revolution", and 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed. For example, "the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces, together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to hajj, Khomeini said "it is a cause of joy that all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". 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