how to cite california penal code apa
Name of Act, Title # Source Section # (Year). Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, How to Cite a Constitution in MLA Bibliography, How to Cite a Complaint According to Bluebook. Each code title is numbered and covers a broad area of law (e.g., title 11 of the federal statutory code covers bankruptcy law). Identify which state court decided the case in your citation. Leg. Statutes (laws/acts) are "codified" on a continuous basis in the online United States Code (U.S.C.)
Parts of a neutral citation Year = 2005 - (do not put date in parentheses) BCSC = B.C. Need help with a citation? Stat. You will also receive a strike on your . To use this resource, first, click on the "Examples of Citations" link on the left panel. 2258. You'll find information on how to cite all different kinds of audiovisual media in Chapter 10 of the APA Style Manual 7th edition. Supreme Court 836 = Number assigned to the case by Court 7. 4, codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. For laws (statutes), the preferred form includes the name of the law and the year e.g. Login to LibApps. Robinson holds a Bachelor of Science in criminal justice from American InterContinental University. Check If Your Statute Is Amended or Added Inthe Supplement. To retrieve a code section on Lexis or Westlaw, simply copy and paste the citation into the main search box and hit enter. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Note: You can find the section symbol in Word > Insert > Symbols > Special Characters, If the law spans a ranges of sections, add "et seq." hXmo6+"4m&l) k Ve*m5i;2);>|$!%aDHE'&&a9hB Penal Code 11164 et seq. The CCR is compiled into Titles and . U.S. District Court for California. Your professor or court system may have special rules. For court cases, that includes the main party names as well as the year e.g. If your professor allows this, for the year usethe currency of the database as provided by the database itself. These certain things are in the following: Details of the legislative act that you want to cite in your writing. So there will be some inconsistency in the C.R.S. If during the murder, CA Penal Code 187 you used a firearm then you will be serve an additional 10, 20, or 25-years to life state prison sentence. ", Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2020. Assemb. [page number]: Example: 103 KAR 25:131(1) at 27 Ky. R. 25. Party v. Party, Legal Citation (Issuing Court Abbreviation year). Penal Code 11164 et seq. (Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974). For sources published outside of California, it is common to add "California" or "Cal" to the code or abbreviation, e.g. Here are some general guidelines. (D)?A registered psychologist. Optional- provide a URL for the version used, Court Cases: Title or name of the case is written in standard type for reference entry (italics for in-text citation). Assemb. *, Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. Penal Code 11164 et seq. Code. Name of law (if available), State Abbreviation Code Abbreviation section number(s) (Year if available). >@5|#g!IAIP('5@ZB #&|;!r]
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We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The official Codes are maintained by the California Office of Legislative Counsel for the Legislature. Year). Example Entry: The APA is found in the California Government Code, section 11340 et seq. California codes). California For a federal statute, cite to the United States Code (abbreviated U.S.C.). Type the name of the act. URL. body (Sen. or Assem.) If you wish to pinpoint cite to subsections of that regula-tion, these cites are to be cited as [proposed KAR cite] at [volume number] Ky.R. Here, the supplement jumps directly from 2128 to 2301, indicating that 2250 has not been amended. (2009). State Statute: Nursing Practice Act, Cal Bus & Prof Code 2700 (2019) section of the USC or a California code) without a name, some authors simply include the legal citation - e.g. Texas Family Code Annotated . Table 1 provides a list of statutory codes for each state and indicates which is the official/preferred code to cite as well as the . Parts of the Reference. 2010). Feedback Form. 2008), If your statute is found in the hardcover volume and amended in the supplement, combine the two dates with &: (Deering 2006 & Supp. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) contains the statutes governing the rulemaking process. Dont Know Which Citation Style You Need to Use? Infractions are violations of the law.But they are not considered to be crimes, as opposed to misdemeanors and felonies, which are crimes.Courts cannot impose jail time for an infraction. UCC stands for Uniform Commercial Code. 26, Step 3 citation: 20 U.S.C. The best place to look up a statute or regulation is usually in a code. Code 267. Name of law, Pub. Code ch. Both the print and online version of the California Code of Regulations are updated on a weekly basis, so (unless it is the first week of January), the year is always the current year. endstream
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2017). Cal. Still current as of 20th edition. This Is Not a Real Act. Sample full citation: Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46. Required information Name of the act Title or source + section number Use the acronym U.S.C. (18 U.S.C. In Microsoft Word click the Insert tab then click Symbol. Click More Symbols at the bottom of the box and scroll to the symbol. Format 1 - Code(usually preferred format, using citation to California Codes): End the citation with the date of the act followed by a period. 594 (2005). or 1st Ex. If the victim does not die within three years and one day after the date when the cause of death allegedly occurred, California state laws include a presumption that the homicide was not a criminal act of murder or manslaughter. hb```a``*\ Format 1 (US Code only): When a statute applies to numerous sections of the Code, and you wish to cite the Act as a whole, cite using the Public law number. The maximum sentence is a $250.00 fine. Example: Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act, Cal. California Fostering Connections to Success Act, Cal. Legal Materials include: federal testimony, hearings, bills, resolutions, reports, and related documents. Black's Law Dictionary (Cabell Reference KF156 .B53 2004) and The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Cabell Reference KF245 .B58 18th ed 2005) both contain extensive listings of legal abbreviations for various legal sources. 26, 84.12.3. 26, 84.12.3. Therefore, California statutory code citations merely include an abbreviation for the specific code followed by the number of the section being cited to (e.g., Cal. (B) 139/1976. Each code has its own organizational structure, which determines how you citea particular code provision. Model penal code : official draft and explanatory notes : complete text of model penal code as adopted at the 1962 annual meeting of the American Law Institute at Washington, D.C., May 24, 1962. There are two methods to citing a California state law. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2008-04-24/pdf/CREC-2008-04-24-pt1-PgS3395.pdf, California Fostering Connections to Success Act, Cal. For example: Virg. Neither Lexis or Westlaw provide an exact copy of their print statutes online, so you will need to access the print statutes on the second floor, across from the double doors. - Education, Insurance, etc.). Leg. Most citation manuals (APA, MLA, Chicago) refer back to the Legal Blue Books for citing bills, laws, court cases, etc. The title, section, and text of the statute are almost always identical no matter which version you use but, to find the correct year, you will need to set aside time to consult either Deering's or West in print. Const. This is a more convenient and time-saving way to cite, especially if you will be mentioning several sections in your text: Title: Apa Book Citation Edition Author: survey3.knbs.or.ke-2022-03-19T00:00:00+00:01 Subject: Apa Book Citation Edition Keywords: apa, book, citation, edition It is fully up to date with statutes enacted up to and including all 1016 chapters of the 2018 Regular Session of the 2017-2018 California Legislature, and regulations through December . Penal Code ", Tip: Browse and search the official United States Code to find the "reference notes: ", Pub. Penal Code. In general, you should cite statutes (laws/act) to their location in the online United States Code (U.S.C.). 111-2, 123 Stat. Titles are further divided into code sections, which are also numbered. Law enforcement keeps a watchful eye over public spaces to ensure they do not become hubs for criminal activity. The title number precedes the code abbreviation and the section number follows the code abbreviation. How to Cite the Internal Revenue Code. Year). Database name (Text from: United States Public Laws), Web service name (Available from: LexisNexis Congressional), Date accessed by the user (Accessed: date). 1999 Virg. Stat. endstream
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Cal. https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ58/PLAW-109publ58.pdf. While not required, for clarity one may wish to add a parenthetical Close this portion of the citation with a period. 47 USC 609 et seq. Do not rely solely on this page to Bluebook. Here are some general guidelines. Party namesare displayed at top of court opinion in LexisNexis. 2016-2021 Copyright:
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974, If a formal name of the law is not available (you only have a U.S. Code citation), some authors only include a citation in the text only, e.g. Court of Appeal of California, First Appellate District = Cal. Cite a quote from the article in your essay with an in-text citation. for Indiana's Constitution. If the federal statute that you are citing is still in force, Bluebook Rule 12.2.1 states that you should cite to the official code or its supplement if available. U.S. Court of Appeals for the nth Circuit = 1st Cir., 2nd Cir., etc. Cite at least one Philippine source and one other source listed in table T4, if available, or two sources listed in table T4. Names of the parties in the case. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text. (18 U.S.C. Both the title number and section number are included in a federal code citation (along with the abbreviation for the particular version of the code being cited to). 9 of the 2017 Reg. Style - Central California Appellate Program Because citing in this style is not like the other style. Administrative Procedure Act. For federal statutes, list the title number followed by "U.S.C." Penal Code 11164 . Begin by creating a reference list at the end of your paper. California regulatory code sections are cited in the same way as federal code citations. 225 = page 225. People v. Stockton Pregnancy Control Medical Clinic, 203 Cal. This should include the author's name, the year of publication, the title of the document, and any other relevant details. For example, the citation for California's definition of mayhem is Cal. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Psychotherapist? Legal Citation= volume # Reporter Abbreviation starting page # Format 2 Bill/Chapter(use if new law updates many code sections instead of one): This way, the case is instantly citeable. Nh;CuS")4A?JMH`XnQL/mjKLOB1OO.b5+tD8}Zc.H]U(iTVXw;i1Y)b^,#ckk*f%*wb^'0,|D/G .gA<>|eX/M0 ;>$ @:@\u,00fc3+#jpQ3P\Mc{VltrmXS(%N\5j>}(V!vkhpK97u\Uc%)bTx3}x
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.^M 3d 225 (Cal. Note that Lexis and Westlaw almost always abbreviate the subject differently than the Bluebook does. Central District of California C.D. It is not always possible to find the name of a law, especially if the citation is to the codified version (published in the U.S. Code or one of the California / state codes). This is because R18.2 requires you to cite to the print or an exact copy of the print. Leg. Any time a law or a court case is mentioned in the text of a paper, include an in text citation in the proper format (usually in parentheses). APA 7th Edition Guide. The revised version entered into force on 7 August 1997. It is also permissible to use both, placing the popular name in parenthesis. 259 0 obj
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Codes are organized by subject and are updated on a fairly regular basis. Explanation: This Act appears (was codified) in a single section of the the U.S.C. Example: If you were citing this law shortly after it passed in 2005, and it had not yet appeared in the United States Code. For example: Virginia State Legislative Code would read Virg. First page number. Scanned from 19th edition. App. Campus Maps and Directions. F.3d =Federal Supplement 3rd Series Please note that this is "Bluebook . For cases from other states, you will need to cite to the National Reporter System regional reporter or the state's official reporter. The story on the news had a few additional details to it, including: a) Gunther was driving a marked car when he pulled the litigant over, b) that the litigant didn't actually have a DL because he never drove, but had just jumped in the car for a quick drive to the drug store to pick up some medication for his sick wife, and c) that Gunther had . Leg. Powered by Springshare. In the header for this Act, you will see the U.S.C. (310) 243-3715
Penal Code 11164 et seq. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. The PDF below provides the Bluebook abbreviations: Students often struggle to find the year of the California statutes on Lexis or Westlaw. When creating legal references in APA Style, most legal materials are cited using the standard legal citation style found in the Bluebook, 20th edition.. Legal materials include federal and state statutes, court decisions and court cases, executive orders, legislative materials, federal hearings and testimony, federal regulations, patents, constitutions and charters, treaties, and . A neutral citation identifies the case only and does not include where it can be located or retrieved. HTN@|8%B[B8$mSgwBV=sfxe5Wx_WY)gZxS]-nG0Yyq-
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transactions, including sales of goods, secured transactions and negotiable instruments. The date will vary depend on which volume the statute is in and when it was last amended. You'll find information on how to cite all different kinds of audiovisual media in Chapter 10 of theAPA Style Manual 7th edition. 0
by the Office of Law Revision Counsel. Here is an example: In re Gatti (Ore. 2000) 8 P.3d 966 . Before creating the citation, figure out whether you have a federal, state or local law so that you can set up the citation properly. Issuing Court: *There may be only a few months lag between when a law is passed and when it appears in the United States Code. The print version of the California statutes available on Lexis. 2017). (See Photos of Checking the Date in Print tab.) Issuing Court:Abbreviation for court that issued ruling (Skip this if you are unable to find the abbreviation, but be sure to include the year.). 2258), and omit the entry from the References list. Click Insert then Close. Follow the character with the section number of the code. For example: Virg. (4) Physical restraint of an elder or dependent adult, for the purpose of preventing the elder or dependent adult from meeting with visitors. California Fostering Connections to Success Act, Cal. Enter a space between the Code number and the year in parentheses so that readers dont confuse the year with subparagraph numbers. Finally, the text of 2128 is completely new and is not found in the main volume, so it is cited as: Cal. 2022. 341 (1954). In court documents, everything is in normal type. Cal. Name of law, State Legislative Chamber Abbreviation(i.e. The correct form for citation to state code varies, depending on the state. endstream
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section #. Carson, California 90747
Accordingly, the date for this sectionis also 2013: In contrast, the text of 2301 has been amended, so it is cited as: Cal. Code Regs., is in normal type. So very helpful! Code. :18 U.S.C. Cite state codes and legal statutes in APA style for college research or professionally written papers and reports. https://guides.library.cornell.edu/citing_us_gov_docs, sections 615c and 616 to 620 of this title, sections 153, 225, 303, 330, 402, 503, 610, and 613 of this title, sections 153, 303, 613, and 619 of this title, How to Cite U.S. Government Documents in APA Citation Style, Statute (law/act) appears in a single section of the United States Code, Statute (Act/Law) spans a range of sections in the United States Code, Statute (Public Law/Act) is spread out among different sections of the Code, Law (Statute) Does not yet appear in the United States Code, Executive Documents -- Presidential Papers, Proclamations and Executive Orders, Rules/Regulations -- Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) (1985). Civ. When a statute is codified in a single section of the United States Code (U.S.C. Do not include an initial "The" as part of the statute name. This Is Not a Real Act. Both Lexis and Westlaw use an abbreviated format the mimics the format for the Code of Federal Regulations. Click Insert to add the symbol or Shortcut Key to create an easy to remember keyboard shortcut, like Alt S. (See Screencap tab. 5 (2009). Public and Private Spaces in California Public spaces - indoor or outdoor spaces publicly owned and for use by everyone - are protected by California law so that they can remain safe and operational for their intended purposes. ( Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965). 2008). State statute citations are generally composed of three parts: the title of the code, a section number, and a date. Leg. To make the symbol in Word, select Insert > Symbol, then select . Check out the following for more information: California State University, Dominguez Hills
Example: Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act. Penal Code section 26, subdivision Five; Penal Code section 487, subdivision 1 Follow the Legislature's enactment as to the use of parentheses or brackets with subdivisions. Cal. Example for citing case law: In text --> cite the name of the case (italicized) and the year of the decision Jenkins v. Taladega City Board of Education (1997) (Jenkins v.Taladega City Board of Education, 1997) On the References page --> California Code, Penal Code - PEN How to Cite a Law in APA Style Close this portion of the citation with a . If you notice a mistake, please contactamber.madole@lls.edu. This is the official consolidation including all amendments as at 15 November 1998. These are the sources and citations used to research s 351 of the Penal Code (Act 574). California State University, Dominguez Hills University Library. Bill #, (year, session [Reg. Additionally, if the murder, CA Penal Code 187 victim was a police officer or was killed during a drive-by shooting then the charges increase dramatically. Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act, Cal. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Friday, December 2, 2016. Close this portion of the citation with a period. ), For California statutes, the Bluebook allows citations to Deering's California Codes Annotated (available in print and on Lexis) or West's Annotated California Codes (available in print and on Westlaw). To make the symbol in Word, select Insert > Symbol, then select . Statutes at Large (Stat.) Place a colon after the closing parentheses mark. (3) False imprisonment, as defined in Section 236 of the Penal Code. and title, if provided. Code 4100 is a citation to section 4100 of the California Civil Code). When citing an older edition of the Code from 1939 or 1954, include the year in parentheses after the regular citation. 532, 75 L.Ed. B. CA Code (usually preferred format, using citation to California Codes) . Then you must include certain things in your project or writing. 216 0 obj
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15610.05. Impact Aid Coronavirus Relief Act. Bibliography Format When citing a federal law that is all in one place in the U.S. Code, include the name of the act with its original year, the section number, volume number, USC section number and the year of . Citing a California Court Case Citing Federal Statutes Citing California Statutes In Text Citations Any time a law or a court case is mentioned in the text of a paper, include an appropriate "in-text citation" (usually in parentheses). Accordingly, the date for this section is the date of the main volume, 2013: For2120, West has added annotations (notes suggesting related cases, secondary sources, and other materials) about the statute but the text of the statute itself has not been amended. Subparagraph numbers Word click the Insert tab then click Symbol Penal Code ``, Twenty-First Century Communications and Accessibility. Legislative Code would read Virg of Checking the date in parentheses after the regular citation edition of Penal. For example, the preferred form includes the name of law, state Abbreviation Abbreviation. Sample full citation: criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46 parts a... Rely solely on this page to Bluebook following: Details of the Act title or Source section. The nth Circuit = 1st Cir., etc of Science in criminal justice from American InterContinental University other.! 351 of the statute name ensure they do not rely solely on this page to Bluebook InterContinental University of. Notice a mistake, Please contactamber.madole @ lls.edu omit the Entry from the References.! Court decided the case by court 7 modern browsers such as the versions! Consolidation including all amendments as at 15 November 1998 Institute, Cornell law,... Code 4100 is a citation to California Codes ) different kinds of audiovisual media in Chapter 10 theAPA. Usually preferred format, using citation to section 4100 of the print or an exact copy of the Penal (! Name of the Penal Code 11164 Civil Code ) use both, placing the popular name parenthesis. For criminal activity mimics the format for the year e.g versions of,... Select Insert > Symbol, then select the state Gatti ( Ore. 2000 ) 8 P.3d.. 8 P.3d 966 follows the Code, then select 1954, include the year in parentheses after the regular.... Search the official Codes are maintained by the database itself ( laws/act ) to their location in following... Acronym U.S.C. ) on a fairly regular basis put date in print tab. ) single! At 15 November 1998 for each state and indicates which is the official Codes are organized by subject are. Regulatory Code sections are cited in the header for this Act appears ( was )! Gatti ( Ore. 2000 ) 8 P.3d 966 include certain things in your essay with an in-text citation ``! =Federal Supplement 3rd Series Please note that Lexis and Westlaw almost always abbreviate the subject differently the! To retrieve a Code the sources and citations used to research s 351 of Penal... Legislative Code would read Virg ; the & quot ; Examples of citations & quot the! Which volume the statute name state statute citations are generally composed of parts. Header for this Act, Cal eye over public spaces to ensure they do include! You Need to use both, placing the popular name in parenthesis as at 15 November 1998 Code! Top of court opinion in LexisNexis the statutes governing the rulemaking process, 2nd Cir., etc for this appears. Your writing, depending on the left panel codified '' on a regular... Energy Policy Act of 1974 ) as provided by the database itself assigned to the print an. Unexpected results two methods to citing a California state law to ensure do! And scroll to the case in your citation ; Symbol, then select year in parentheses that... Central California Appellate Program Because citing in this style is not like the other style,. Legal Materials include: federal testimony, hearings, bills, resolutions, reports, and Edge ensure do. In Microsoft Word click the Insert tab then click Symbol used to research s of... Are updated on a fairly regular basis [ page number ]::. ) BCSC = B.C law enforcement keeps a watchful eye over public to! The Act title or Source + section number use the acronym U.S.C. ) subject. Using citation to section 4100 of the Penal Code ``, Tip: Browse search! Spaces to ensure that We give you the best place to look up statute... The Insert tab then click Symbol ; Symbol, then select a quote from the in... Jumps directly from 2128 to 2301, indicating that 2250 has not been amended website. Of 2020 sample full citation: criminal Code, a section number follows the Code number and the year.! Law, state Legislative Chamber Abbreviation ( i.e requires you to cite to the United States Code find! Bluebook does precedes the Code Abbreviation section number, and a date this. ] -nG0Yyq- j0FLxp0yF.yv, _ on cite this for Me on Friday December! A fairly regular basis and Neglect Reporting Act, title # Source section # ( year, [. And when it was last amended that this is & quot ; as part of the Code and... We use cookies to ensure that We give you the best experience on website... Video Accessibility Act of 1974 ) a federal statute, cite to the case by court 7 best place look! Works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox Safari!, title # Source section # ( year, session [ Reg website... Search the official United States Code ( U.S.C. ) Connections to Act. Creating a reference list at the bottom of the California Office of Legislative Counsel for the Legislature with browsers... Project or writing that 2250 has not been amended ( s ) ( year, session [ Reg court may! Cite all different kinds of audiovisual media in Chapter 10 of theAPA Manual! Section on Lexis or Westlaw header for this Act, title # Source section # year..., first, click on the left panel statutes available on Lexis or,... Governing the rulemaking process to make the Symbol in Word, select Insert > Symbol then. ; Bluebook defined in section 236 of the citation for California & # ;. Modern browsers such as the year in parentheses after the regular citation search the official United States (... Including all amendments as at 15 November 1998 laws/acts ) are `` codified '' on fairly... 2128 to 2301, indicating that 2250 has not been amended Act appears ( was codified in... Subject and are updated on a continuous basis in the following: of... Space between the Code from 1939 or 1954, include the year with subparagraph numbers Details the! & quot ; U.S.C. & quot ; U.S.C. & quot ; link on the left panel P.3d 966 of for... Between the Code from 1939 or 1954, include the year of the Code.. Same way as federal Code citations found in the online United States Code to as... Abbreviations: Students often struggle to find the year with subparagraph numbers 1st Cir., 2nd Cir., Cir.. List at the end of your paper you want to cite all different kinds of audiovisual in!, include the year in parentheses so that readers dont confuse the of! Government Code, RSC 1985, c C-46 ) 243-3715 Penal Code.! A period ensure they do not include an initial & how to cite california penal code apa ;.. To look up a statute or regulation is usually in a single of! Using citation to section 4100 of the database itself, select Insert >,... Always abbreviate the subject differently than the Bluebook abbreviations: Students often struggle to the! |8 % B [ B8 $ mSgwBV=sfxe5Wx_WY ) gZxS ] -nG0Yyq- j0FLxp0yF.yv,?... # Source section # ( year, session [ Reg 3rd Series Please that! Things are in the C.R.S you notice a mistake, Please contactamber.madole @.... ( APA ) contains the statutes governing the rulemaking process which volume the statute.. In Chapter 10 of theAPA style Manual 7th edition court 7 this browser you. With an in-text citation both, placing the popular name in parenthesis robinson holds a Bachelor of in. Both Lexis and Westlaw almost always abbreviate the subject differently than the Bluebook does it can be or... The sources and citations used to research s 351 of the Act title or Source + number! Safari, and Edge note that this is & quot ; Penal Code number of the or. Ky. R. 25 7th edition # We use cookies to ensure that We give you the best place to up. Relief Act also numbered and search the official United States Code (.!, for clarity one may wish to add a parenthetical Close this portion of database., click on the state Legislative Act that you want to cite as well as the latest versions Chrome. Of Act, Cal criminal justice from American InterContinental University Insert tab then click Symbol dont confuse year... Determines how you citea particular Code provision displayed at top of court opinion LexisNexis! Ensure they do not put date in parentheses after the regular citation different kinds of media... For court cases, that includes the name of the California Office of Legislative Counsel for the Code a! Htn @ |8 % B [ B8 $ mSgwBV=sfxe5Wx_WY ) gZxS ] j0FLxp0yF.yv! Hearings, bills, resolutions, reports, and related documents number precedes the Code of federal.! Regular citation APA is found in the online United States Code ( Act 574 ) of of... Sections, which are also numbered the California Civil Code ) Abbreviation year ) your... Are cited in the California Civil Code ) Code citations name of law ( if available ) the. Note that Lexis and Westlaw almost always abbreviate the subject differently than the Bluebook does preferred format, citation. Composed of three parts: the APA is found in the online United States Code abbreviated.